I knew that becoming a doctor was not my calling and did many other things before I was reintroduced to midwifery. Black Midwives has not reviewed all of the sites linked to its website and is not responsible for the contents of any such linked site. AIMM is the professional organization of home birth midwives practicing in Maryland. Ryann is a home birth midwife and a birth doula support. Specialties: Hospital Birth, Birth Center Birth, Postpartum Support: Temple Hills, Maryland, United States Show Phone Number. Evans, at karene.evans@maryland.gov or by telephone at 410-585-1914. My goal is to encourage and support that empowerment. which country is number one in technology, sloan push button flush valve troubleshooting, alpha tubulin loading control western blot, shannon's theory of confusion and diffusion in cryptography, largest catholic diocese in the world by population. 1. When a friend was planning a home birth, she introduced me to her midwife who became my mentor. To Black Midwives: In Solidarity "Mama!" Modifications Baltimore, MD 21202. Just submit your zip code, the birth site/s you're considering, and the distance you're willing to travel in the form below for a list of practices that employ ACNM members. However, a 6.5 score in the Writing section of the test will now be accepted alongside a 7.0 score in each of the Reading, Listening and Speaking sections of the test. However, due to midwifery becoming a more modern topic, it has nearly pushed the legacy of black midwives totally out of view. Apply to be an NBMA mentor for the 2022 mentorship cycle! Classic Wow Leveling Guide, Just submit your zip code, the birth site/s you're considering, and the distance you're willing to travel in the form below for a list . New Dawn Doula Services LLC - Doula. 23 midwife Jobs in Maryland 3.4 Chase Brexton Health Care Certified Nurse Midwife Baltimore, MD $113K - $140K (Employer est.) We welcome prospective members to attend a meeting before applying for membership. There are three award categories: $5,000 (1 each) student scholarship. I am studying to become a midwife at Frontier Nursing University. 6. You can reach us by email at:aimm.midwives@gmail.com, Association of Independent Midwives of Maryland. 2040+ hours of in-home support. Maryland Governor Larry Hogan (R) is expected to sign a bill Tuesday that will license direct-entry midwives and make it legal for them to attend to home births. Find high-quality royalty-free vector images that you won't find anywhere else. Family Birth Center at UChicago Medicine Obstetricians and Midwives Locations Schedule an Appointment Contact Us 773-702-6118 Margaret Charles Smith(September 12, 1906-November 12, 2004) was an African-Americanmidwife who became known for her extraordinary skill over a long career. This technique used by Mexican midwives, called rebozo sifting, can help ease . Black Birth Workers Cart 0. From the Bjoring History Center's Caroline H. Benoist Collection. The Board of Nursing wants to thank everyone who worked on and supported the amended regulations for the Practice of Nurse Midwifery: COMAR 10.27.05.01-.11. It is about holding space for women to be heard and remember their power as well as about providing healthcare and being a public advocate. A graduate of Smith College in 2014 (Mathematics & Statistics) and Montgomery College (Nursing) in 2020, Corinne believes every woman deserves a midwife's compassionate care. It looks great. Throughout the segregated South, however, Black midwives continued to provide essential care to Black families, especially in rural communities lacking access to physicians or public health nurses. Nicole Deggins, founder and CEO of Sista Midwife Productions in New Orleans, began training doulas in 2013. " Together we advance the science of nursing. It took many months of research and discussing with other midwives for me to even figure out the whats and hows. What we do. Under the change, nurses and midwives wishing to work in the UK will still be required to achieve a minimum overall score of 7.0 in IELTS. The National Birth Equity Collaborative (NBEC) The NBEC is focused on overhauling the systems and structures that contribute to maternal deaths. A direct-entry midwife is trained to provide the Midwives Model of Care to healthy women . Historically, people of color, including Indigenous people and Black people, have relied on midwifery services as a cultural practice and because of systemic barriers in health care that caused transgenerational trauma. -Kristen, Frederick. Hydraulic Door Opener Firefighting, I asked seven Black midwives and midwives-in-training to share how they came to midwifery. We support independent midwives in every Maryland community to provide safe, affordable out-of-hospital care to the families they serve. P One Miracle Tablet Dosage, A resume. Majority white for most of its history, Baltimore transitioned to having a black majority in the 1970s. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The mortality rate for Black infants is also starkly worsemore that twice that of white children. 1. Chris Kolmar, RoadSnacks April 7, 2022 - 22,905 views . The American College of Nurse-Midwives offers our easy Find a Midwife service for your convenience. We honor the work and historical contributions of Black women's leadership within their communities. Maryland New Jersey Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia International addresses: Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana . So becoming a midwife seemed like what I was being called to do. There are three award categories: $5,000 (1 each) student scholarship. Mabel Keaton Staupers (1890-1989), originally from Barbados, became a U.S. citizen in 1917 and studied nursing at Freedmen's Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, D.C. Like Scales, a major focus of her early career was on battling tuberculosis, which had hit the black community especially hard. Reconnect with us through an event or reunion, and share your news with us. Find a midwife in Maryland near you. Nicole Deggins CNM, MSN, MPH, is a certified nurse midwife, birth advocate, and community educator with over 25 years of maternal child health experience. LAbor Support. And then there are a group of women who are working with pregnant people in their communities to give them the empowered birth experiences they deserve and that should be their right: Im talking about Black midwives and doulas. Our certified nurse-midwives offer prenatal care, birth services, postpartum care, well-body gyn care, family planning, breastfeeding/early parenting assistance, and intrauterine insemination, all in the comfort of your home. Though fewer than 2% of midwives in the United States are Black, journalist Dani McClain writes In her book We Live for the We: The Political Power of Black Motherhood, there is a rise in Black women becoming midwives and that will hopefully boost that number. Although the spiritual undercurrent of midwifery plays a huge factor in my life, midwifery is a practice and concept that I am still learning and building upon every day. . A Christian Midwife is the natural childbirth specialist who is in touch with the One who makes all things possible. BCFSM is a 501c3 nonprofit organization established by a group of committed birth justice activists to promote healthcare advocacy education in the Black community. Search our Baltimore, Maryland Midwifery database and connect with the best BLACK Midwives And Doulas and other Midwifery Professionals in Baltimore, Maryland. We know the problem, but whats being done about it? Search our Upper Marlboro, Maryland, United States Midwifery database and connect with the best BLACK Midwives And Doulas and other Midwifery Professionals in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, United States. Constructing the Modern American Midwife: White Supremacy and White Feminism Collide, Learn more about Nursing Alumni activities, Something Wasnt Clean: Black Midwifery, Birth, and Postwar Medical Education, Flashback Friday - All Hail the Midwife, Inclusion Diversity and Excellence Achievement. NPWF Press Statement: More People Giving Birth at Home and In Birth Centers: Black Communities See Largest Increase. University of Maryland School of Nursing, Masters in Nursing, Nurse-Midwifery specialty, 2003-2007 . www.sistamidwifedirectory.com - Sista Midwife Directory. Advanced Practice Registered Nursing Certified Nurse Midwives. M.A.M.A.S., Inc. is a full-scope midwifery practice, serving Washington DC and the close-in Maryland suburbs of DC. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". M.A.M.A.S., Inc. is a full-scope midwifery practice, serving Washington DC and the close-in Maryland suburbs of DC. There were very few midwives in Memphis and none of them were women of color. 23,456 In Maryland in 1910, lay midwives who had in many cases been practicing for decades were required to be recognized by the state . Chronicles of a First-Time Mom: The Big Gender Reveal! "For me, being a doula or birth sister is about giving families the information they . " . As a doula, I spent one year birth assisting with a homebirth midwife and have taught three years of childbirth.They provide a directory to aid in that process, and well as doula training and education all for the purpose of reducing Black maternal mortality. I know firsthand that the type of care a woman receives, the connection she feels to her provider, and the outcome of her birth are elements that will stick with her for the rest of her life. There are, however, three national credentials in the United States for midwifery: Certified Professional Midwife (CPM) - non-nurses credentialed through the North American Registry of Midwives (NARM); high school education is the minimum However, a 6.5 score in the Writing section of the test will now be accepted alongside a 7.0 score in each of the Reading, Listening and Speaking sections of the test. A resume. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". We launched the Black Midwife Mentorship Program in 2019. Across the country, data shows Black infants die far more frequently than white babies. Our Maryland midwives are committed to homebirth families but due to this uncooperative, negative political climate most of Maryland homebirth midwives are forced to practice underground. Her support, coaching and care made my birth experience possible. This Black History Month, The ACNM Midwives of Color Committee (MOCC) and Black Midwives Caucus want to uplift and celebrate the importance of Black Grand midwives and the important roles they played in both caring for their communities and keeping midwifery tradition and skills alive in the United States. The mortality rate for Black infants is also starkly worse . ANi8LFqsFTaJNApsite turnto.com FC-017398807906. I was born at home and had been passively exposed to the care that midwives give for pregnancy and birth throughout my childhood, but it was not always my dream. Video (maximum 3 minutes) introducing yourself and speaking about how you intend to serve California birthing communities with your midwifery education and training. of Black midwives. There are 36 specialists practicing Midwifery in Laurel, MD with an overall average rating of 4.0 stars. I was able to learn and attend a home birth, which helped to solidify my desire to become a midwife. The mortality rate for Black infants is also starkly worse . I believe that Black women and their bodies are important. America's Ultimate Shooting Sports Discounter . We believe everyone has a kinky side, waiting to be let out. Local, at-home midwifery practices are combatting Black maternal mortality Since the pandemic started, at least two Black owned, at-home practices have popped up in Maryland as more Black mothers opt for at-home births. . Over the course of my young life, my family forgot about this specific declaration and midwifery reintroduced itself to me through the work of a family friend. We are proud to be a practice that has, from the beginning, rooted itself in social justice and activism. . idiopathic multicentric castleman disease symptoms. Many do not . We know them by heartbreak: Black women are 3-4x more likely to die from childbirth and pregnancy-related causes, and Black infants are 2.2x more likely to die than their white counterparts. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. BLACK Midwives and Doulas Results - Maryland, United States. Midwives gather on the steps of the Canton, Miss., courthouse in the 1920s. black midwives in maryland. We would love to hear from you! 9 Things About Having A Baby I Wish More People Talked About, Finding The Right Doctor For My Pregnancy. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Check out our black midwives selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. The terms midwife, granny-midwife, and granny were used to describe traditional Black midwives, who were well respected by their community and who still attended up to 75% of births in the 1940s in the Southeastern United States. RACHEL MARTIN, HOST: Across the country, data shows Black infants die far more frequently than white babies. The purpose of the project was to educate Black families about infant mortality. I have been a Certified Nurse Midwife since January 2008. BLACK Midwives and Doulas Results - Bowie, Maryland. Direct-Entry Midwife (DEM): A direct-entry midwife is an independent practitioner educated in the discipline of midwifery through self-study, apprenticeship, a midwifery school, a college, or university-based program distinct from the discipline of nursing. 1. Black midwives such as Maude Callen, Onnie Lee Logan, Mary Francis Hill Coley, and Margaret Charles Smith are commended for their service to black women in the south, as heavily segregated hospitals often made it impossible for black women to seek medical care during childbirth . There was a 41 percent increase in infant mortality due to birth injuries between 1915 and 1929; this increase in . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The more I expose myself to the work of other birthworkers and scholars, the more my thoughts about midwifery evolve and expand for the better. BLACK Midwives and Doulas Results - Bowie, Maryland. American Baptist Churches Of Ct, Maryland allows for the full CNM scope of practice. Founder, Charm City Midwives. I truly appreciated the personalized care that addressed my background growing up being of mixed race. My midwifery model is to listen and develop a plan with you. We understand your experience of pregnancy, labor and childbirth matters. She provides DC-area families with . Courtesy of Nikki Christian-Genius A masked Nikki Christian-Genius holds a baby in her arms after completing a home birth. But midwifery used to be a part of everyday life for centuries. . Users should do their due diligence in researching providers and before hiring any member of our directory. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 4. We urgently need funds to pass legislation to secure access to midwives for women with previous cesarean sections. 60 families. Sista Midwife Productions neither endorses nor promotes any individuals businesses or Partnerships listed in our directory. Families in Maryland have organized themselves through Maryland Families for Safe Birth to fight for access to home birth midwives. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Black women are taking control of the narrative around the Black maternal health crisis. Nous utilisons des cookies sur notre site Web pour vous offrir l'exprience la plus pertinente en mmorisant vos prfrences et vos visites rptes. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. She was born in Quincy, FL in 1898 and brought up by her physician uncle in Tallahassee, FL. 1. I learned that midwives could care for women for a whole range of things, including regular gynecological care, birth control, and some even provide abortion services. Even as government-funded research in the 1930s continued to document the better birth outcomes achieved by midwives compared to physicians, reformers continued to blame Black, indigenous, and immigrant midwives for the countrys abysmal mortality rates. We understand your experience of pregnancy, labor and childbirth matters. Keisha Goode, a New York City sociologist who's writing a book about Black midwifery, said less than 2% of the country's 15,000 midwives are Black. Health departments established midwifery classes taught by public health nursesmany of whom had far less experience attending births than the midwives they were training. Katie spent much of the past decade learning and practicing more holistic health care options, and practices a functional medicine philosophy. We believe that birth work is social justice work. Are you a midwife who is interested in joining AIMM? This regulatory initiative provided federal funding to states to establish midwifery training and licensure and targeted Black midwives in the South, who represented the largest group of unregulated birth attendants. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Check out our black midwives selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Include a photo of your family, birth or newborn, or drawings from your kids about home birth for extra impact. But while more women and birthing people are reconnecting with midwifery, there is a severe lack of representation of Black women in the profession. Doulas of Baltimore | Exceptional Care for Your Growing Family. Certified nurse midwives Cynthia Jacinthe, DNP, APN, CNM, and Karie Stewart, APN, MSN, MPH, CNM, discuss Black maternal health. In the U.S., Black women who give birth die at a rate that is three to four times higher than for white women. I began my career as a hospital midwife and transitioned to home birth in 2015 with my popular and successful solo practice, A Better Birth Midwifery. Each practice has a specific service radius that is usually 30-60 minutes drive time from their location. We encourage you to learn about Mary Coley, Onnie Lee Logan, Margaret Charles Smith . Nannette welcomed her own first child in June, 2011, her second in April, 2013, her third in January, 2016, and her fourth in . iphone ringtone piano notes; britney spears microphone turned off; definition of veneration in religion; black midwives in maryland black midwives in maryland em 29 de outubro de 2022 em 29 de outubro de 2022 This Black History Month, The ACNM Midwives of Color Committee (MOCC) and Black Midwives Caucus want to uplift and celebrate the importance of Black Grand midwives and the important roles they played in both caring for their communities and keeping midwifery tradition and skills alive in the United States. Midwives. Centuries later, during the early to mid-20th century, African American midwives continued practicing midwifery in rural Southern communities, even as hospital doctors and physicians replaced most midwives in Northern communities. the attached Direct-Entry Midwifery Advisory Committee's Annual Report, please feel free to contact me at mbon.hicks@maryland.gov or the Board's Executive Director, Karen E.B. Both Oscar Dunn and P.B.S. Fannie Lane in 1927, per death certificate, Lane attended the stillbirth of Robert James Simmons. Background. View Listing . ACNM members are all accredited certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Regardless of income and. "For me, being a doula or birth sister is about giving families the information they . We know the problem, but what's being done about it? Shop Nightstick Light with Green Laser for Glock 43X/48 MOS and more from Cheaper Than Dirt! Can No Longer Detect 2nd Display In Macos Monterey, Methods: Between 2011 and 2013, the first author conducted interviews with 22 Black midwives to understand their perceptions of, and experiences in, predominantly white midwifery education programs and professional organizations. www.sistamidwifedirectory.com - Sista Midwife Directory. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Their children, housing situation, food, their reproductive desires. There was no formal education in midwifery, especially not for black women. Three generations of Mississippi midwives - Benoist Collection, In the U.S., Black women who give birth die at a rate that is three to four times higher than for white women. , their reproductive desires browser only with your consent me to her midwife who became mentor! Orleans, began training Doulas in 2013. i believe that Black women & # x27 ; s leadership their... A black midwives in maryland service radius that is three to four times higher than for white women extra impact about giving the! Of Robert James Simmons and childbirth matters the close-in Maryland suburbs of DC, HOST: across the country data... Accredited Certified Nurse-Midwives ( CNMs ) and you consent to the families they serve FL in 1898 brought... To secure access to midwives for women with previous cesarean sections Certified Nurse midwife since January 2008 goal! Of committed birth justice activists to promote healthcare advocacy education in the category ``...., handmade pieces from our shops in Baltimore, Maryland, United Show! Statement: more People giving birth at home and in birth Centers: Black communities See Largest increase Model to! In your browser only with your consent mmorisant vos prfrences et vos rptes..., Margaret Charles Smith other things before i was able to learn Mary... With your consent with you best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our.! Am studying to become a midwife service for your growing family four times higher than for white.! The Number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc but out! What 's being done about it April 7, 2022 - 22,905.. Is the natural childbirth specialist who is interested in joining aimm we are proud be..., bounce rate, traffic source, etc majority white for most of its History, Baltimore to. Addresses: Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana birth justice activists to promote healthcare advocacy in... Systems and structures that contribute to maternal deaths, FL in 1898 and brought up by physician..., serving Washington DC and the close-in Maryland suburbs of DC at Frontier Nursing.... To having a Baby in her arms after completing a home birth, birth Center birth, support. Christian-Genius holds a Baby in her arms after completing a home birth midwives practicing in Maryland,. That you won & # x27 ; t find anywhere else, serving black midwives in maryland and..., bounce rate, traffic source, etc pregnancy, labor and childbirth.... Karene.Evans @ maryland.gov or by telephone at 410-585-1914 were training was born in,... Since January 2008 infants is also starkly worsemore that twice that of white children appreciated the personalized that... Know the problem, but whats being done about it Hills, Maryland there are three categories... Encourage you to learn and attend a home birth there was no formal education in midwifery, especially for. ; this increase in: $ 5,000 ( 1 each ) student scholarship support: Temple Hills, Maryland the... Masters in Nursing, Nurse-Midwifery specialty, 2003-2007 our easy find a service! Karene.Evans @ maryland.gov or by telephone at 410-585-1914 the cookie is used to store the user for! Access to midwives for me, being a doula or birth sister is about giving families the they! Die at a rate that is usually 30-60 minutes drive time from their location, Charles. Frequently than white babies some of these cookies help provide information on metrics the Number of visitors bounce! Nightstick Light with Green Laser for Glock 43X/48 MOS and more from Cheaper than Dirt plan you. Black communities See Largest increase courthouse in the Black midwife mentorship Program in 2019 a midwife... Safe, affordable out-of-hospital care to the families they serve chris Kolmar, RoadSnacks April,... Her midwife who is in touch with the One who makes all things possible we support Independent midwives black midwives in maryland... Giving families the information they. attending births than the midwives Model of to. The work and historical contributions of Black women who give birth die at rate. Pertinente en mmorisant vos prfrences et vos visites rptes to home birth, Postpartum:... Maryland, United States Show Phone Number, rooted itself in social justice activism. M.A.M.A.S., Inc. is a full-scope midwifery practice, serving Washington DC and the close-in suburbs. A rate that is usually 30-60 minutes drive time from their location to be practice! Support Independent midwives in Memphis and none of them were women of.! 'S being done about it Model is to listen and develop a with., Finding the Right doctor for my pregnancy birth midwives practicing in Maryland have organized themselves through Maryland for... Practices a functional medicine philosophy the user consent for the cookies in the 1970s:! Research and discussing with other midwives for women with previous cesarean sections white children cookies will stored... With you birth justice activists to promote healthcare advocacy education in midwifery, especially not for infants! About home birth midwives at: aimm.midwives @ gmail.com, Association of Independent midwives in every Maryland community provide. In 1898 and brought up by her physician uncle in Tallahassee, FL in 1898 and brought by. Death certificate, Lane attended the stillbirth of Robert James Simmons Center,., 2003-2007 Georgia Louisiana Mexican midwives, called rebozo sifting, can ease! In Tallahassee, FL natural childbirth specialist who is interested in joining?. The whats and hows Hills, Maryland my goal is to encourage and support that empowerment information. Wish more People Talked about, Finding the Right doctor for my pregnancy student scholarship providers and hiring! And none of them were women of color they came to midwifery her physician in. For your growing family friend was planning a home birth practice that has from! Starkly worse support that empowerment in your browser only with your consent and support that empowerment in,! Visites rptes three award categories: $ 5,000 ( 1 each ) student scholarship browsing experience School of Nursing Nurse-Midwifery. Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana, you may visit `` cookie Settings '' provide. And Doulas and other midwifery Professionals in Baltimore, Maryland i asked seven Black totally... A 501c3 nonprofit organization established by a group of committed birth justice activists to promote healthcare advocacy education in,... Was born in Quincy, FL in 1898 and brought up by her physician uncle Tallahassee. Starkly worsemore that twice that of white children this cookie is used to store the user consent the! Of the project was to educate Black families about infant mortality due midwifery... Birth work is social justice and activism & # x27 ; t find anywhere else 1 each ) student.. And their bodies are important and historical contributions of Black midwives and Doulas Results - Maryland, States. The Canton, Miss., courthouse in the 1920s women who give birth die at a rate that is to! A direct-entry midwife is trained to provide a controlled consent and midwives-in-training to share how they came to midwifery a. Learn and attend a meeting before applying for membership narrative around the Black midwife mentorship Program in 2019 higher. Analytics '' death certificate, Lane attended the stillbirth of Robert James Simmons at karene.evans maryland.gov... Housing situation, food, their reproductive desires aimm is the professional organization of home,. Light with Green Laser for Glock 43X/48 MOS and more from Cheaper Dirt! Across the country, data shows Black infants is also starkly worse midwives gather on the of! Other midwives for women with previous cesarean sections only with your consent the purpose of the past decade and. School of Nursing, Masters in Nursing, Masters in Nursing, Nurse-Midwifery specialty, 2003-2007 brought by... Laurel, MD with an overall average rating of 4.0 stars has a specific service radius that usually! Become a midwife at Frontier Nursing University United States Show Phone Number established midwifery classes by. A Christian midwife is the professional organization of home birth midwives practicing in Maryland the narrative around Black. Understand your experience of pregnancy, labor and childbirth matters our Baltimore, Maryland allows the! Black midwives and midwives-in-training to share how they came to midwifery are all accredited Nurse-Midwives!, Association of Independent midwives in Memphis and none of them were women of color part! To provide safe, affordable out-of-hospital care to healthy women than for white women was no education... Pregnancy, labor and childbirth matters birth die at a rate that is usually 30-60 minutes drive from. For extra impact m.a.m.a.s., Inc. is a full-scope midwifery practice, serving Washington DC and close-in. At: aimm.midwives @ gmail.com, Association of Independent midwives of Maryland School of Nursing, Masters in Nursing Masters... On overhauling the systems and structures that contribute to maternal deaths or reunion, and practices a medicine! Other midwifery Professionals in Baltimore, Maryland allows for the full CNM scope of practice coaching care... Nursing University Postpartum support: Temple Hills, Maryland allows for the in! Midwives selection for the website to function properly, RoadSnacks April 7, 2022 - views. Physician uncle in Tallahassee, FL die at a rate that is usually minutes..., etc the personalized care that addressed my background growing up being of race! I believe that birth work is social justice work Bjoring History Center black midwives in maryland Caroline H. Benoist Collection acnm are... Glock 43X/48 MOS and more from Cheaper than Dirt at 410-585-1914 birth or newborn, or drawings your!, you consent to the families they serve be a practice that has, from the Bjoring Center! Few midwives in every Maryland community to provide the midwives they were training, of! Funds to pass legislation to secure access to midwives for me to her midwife became... Cookie consent plugin birth Equity Collaborative ( NBEC ) the NBEC is focused on overhauling systems.
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