Dumas's paternal grandparents were a French nobleman and an enslaved Haitian woman. In 2009, a sculpture in his honor, made by Driss Sans-Arcidet, This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 07:45. negresses cy devans nommes es leurs Enfans []." Wrong username or password. From 1839 to 1841, Dumas, with the assistance of several friends, compiled Celebrated Crimes, an eight-volume collection of essays on famous criminals and crimes from European history. Born 25 March 1762 in Jrmie, Saint-Domingue (today Haiti), Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie was the son of a French nobleman, Marquis Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie[9] (20 June 1714, Belleville-en-Caux15 June 1786, Saint-Germain-en-Laye[10]) and Marie-Cessette Dumas (b. unknown; d. during or after 1772, La Guinode, Saint-Domingue[11]), an enslaved African woman he owned. In response to a man who once insulted him about his African ancestry, Dumas famously stated: In September, he was made commander-in-chief of the Army of the Western Pyrenees. In 1738, Charles left the military to become a sugar planter in that colony; he married Anne-Marie Tuff, a rich local French Creole widow, and took over her estate. The unabridged versions (normally 100 chapters or more) comprise only five books (numbers 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8); the short versions (50 chapters or less) number eight in total: Although best known now as a novelist, Dumas first earned fame as a dramatist. ? He featured Beatrice Cenci, Martin Guerre, Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia, as well as more recent events and criminals, including the cases of the alleged murderers Karl Ludwig Sand and Antoine Franois Desrues, who were executed. Alexandre (or Alexander) Dumas was given the birth name of Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie on July 24, 1802 in Picardy, France. Alexandre Dumas, n le 24 juillet 1802 (samedi) - Villers-Cotterts, dcd le 5 dcembre 1870 (lundi) - Puys l'ge de 68 ans, Ecrivain. His death was overshadowed by the Franco-Prussian War. ex-partner Alexandre Dumas, fils son Belle Kreilssamner ex-partner Marie-Alexandrine Dumas daughter Emlie Cordier ex-partner Micalla Cllie Josepha lisa. Schopp finally wrote the final two-and-a-half chapters, based on the author's notes, to complete the story. [15] The French kingdom granted the title "marquis" to the family by 1708.[16]. [25], On 5 December 1870, Dumas died at the age of 68 of natural causes, possibly a heart attack. Father of Alexandre Dumas, fils; Marie-Alexandrine Dumas; Micalla Cllie Josepha lisabeth Cordier and Henri Baur [91] Marie-Louise and the young Alexandre blamed Napoleon Bonaparte's "implacable hatred" for their poverty. Son of Gnral Thomas-Alexandre Dumas and Marie-Louise lisabeth Labouret Dumas spent much of 1797 as military governor, administering Treviso province, north of Venice. Conditions of heat, thirst, fatigue, and lack of supplies for the troops on the desert march were harsh; there were a number of suicides. Charles (although younger than Antoine) returned to Normandy to claim the title of Marquis and the family chteau. [8][9] It is not known whether Marie-Cessette was born in Saint-Domingue or in Africa, nor is it known from which African people her ancestors came. Troops killed between 12 and 50 people when a large crowd gathered to sign a petition calling for the French King's removal. Antoine's mother, the Marquise Jeanne-Franoise, died in 1757 and his father, the Marquis Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie, died in 1758. He founded a production studio, staffed with writers who turned out hundreds of stories, all subject to his personal direction, editing, and additions. [4] His father helped him enter the French military. [13] The Davy de la Pailleteries were provincial Norman aristocrats whose wealth was in decline. He joined an enormous French armada in preparation for departure to a secret destination. Author Dumas was born on 24th July 1802 in Villers-Cotterets, France as Dumas Davy de Pailleterie. During her time with Antoine, she also bore him two or three daughters. He published travel books about Russia. [27] Reed wrote the most comprehensive bibliography of Dumas.[28][29]. DUMAS BIRTHPLACE, THEN & NOW. It was the third part of the Sainte-Hermine trilogy. Alexandre Dumas > Quotes (?) Dumas delayed his arrival in Paris until mid-July, and was not seen by the Committee before the Terror ended with the execution of Robespierre on 27 July 1794. Marie-Louise Labouret-Dumas to Madame Carmin, 4 December 1806, Muse Alexandre Dumas (Villers-Cotterts, France). The collection was donated to Auckland Libraries after his death. Alexandre Dumas (1803-1870), the prolific French author of plays, popular romances, and historical novels, wrote The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. On 28 August 2020, Google celebrated Dumas with a Google Doodle. Dumas was subsequently omitted from mention in Napoleon's battle report to the Directory, France's government at the time. A combination of encyclopaedia and cookbook, it reflects Dumas's interests as both a gourmet and an expert cook. . As an adult, he used his slave grandmother's surname of Dumas, as his father had done as an adult. Husband of Marguerite Josphine Dumas, Ida Ferrier Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (1762-1806) On March 25, 1762, Thomas Alexandre Dumas was born. As Alexandre Dumas gained fame when his novels began to be serialized, combat, travel and adventure were always at . [90] For lack of funds, the young Alexandre Dumas was unable to get even a basic secondary education. . By Christmas he intercepted a spy carrying a message to the Austrian commander with important tactical information. Showing 1-30 of 2,025 "There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more. A copy of the certificate is also held in Archives de lAisne (Laon, France), 304 E 268. . He also was the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face of the earth. Dumas died in Puys, France, in 1870, at the age of sixty-eight. Registry of the Dragoons in the Regiment of the Queen, Dumas entry, 2 June 1786, privately held by Gilles Henry. He was successful in getting more money, but not a by-line.[16][17]. Although poor, the family still had the father's distinguished reputation and . Alexandre Dumas is generally called Dumas preto distinguish him from his illustrious son Alexandre (known as Dumas fils ), who was also a dramatist and novelist. In the late twentieth century, scholars such as Reginald Hamel and Claude Schopp have caused a critical reappraisal and new appreciation of his art, as well as finding lost works. He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel books; his published works totalled 100,000 pages. General Alexandre Dumas to First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, 17 October 1803, and Marie-Louise Labouret-Dumas to the minister of war, 2 October 1814, both in Service historique de la Dfense (Vincennes, France), 7YD91. Alexandre Dumas "le fils" meaning "the son", was a French author and playwright, best known for the romantic novel La Dame aux Camlias ( The Lady of the Camellias) published in 1848. These books included: French historian Alain Decaux founded the "Socit des Amis d'Alexandre Dumas" (The Society of Friends of Alexandre Dumas) in 1971. ? It was only on 23 June, after the fleet had conquered Malta, that Napoleon announced that the mission's main purpose: to conquer Egypt. [10], Dumas spent his first years in the Queen's Dragoons in the provincial town of Laon, Picardy, close to the border with the Austrian Netherlands. [3] In the 1840s, Dumas founded the Thtre Historique in Paris. In March 1799, Dumas left Egypt on an unsound vessel, which was forced to run aground in the southern Italian Kingdom of Naples, where he was taken prisoner and thrown into a dungeon. [46] General Dumas used the full name "Thomas-Alexandre Dumas-Davy de la Pailleterie" on his son's birth certificate. The Davy de la Pailleteries were provincial Norman aristocrats whose wealth was in decline. [3][18] When Chirac ordered the transfer to the mausoleum, villagers in Dumas's hometown of Villers-Cotterets were initially opposed, arguing that Dumas laid out in his memoirs that he wanted to be buried there. The village eventually bowed to the government's decision, and Dumas's body was exhumed from its cemetery and put into a new coffin in preparation for the transfer. [21] Two years after the death of both his younger brothers, Antoine returned to Europe. While working for Louis-Philippe, Dumas began writing articles for magazines and plays for the theatre. In the final attack, Dumas's army, equipped with ice crampons, took the mountain by scaling ice cliffs and captured between 900 and 1,700 prisoners. Marriage contract and marriage certificate, both 28 November 1792, Muse Alexandre Dumas (Villers-Cotterts, France). [30] The proceedings were televised: the new coffin was draped in a blue velvet cloth and carried on a caisson flanked by four mounted Republican Guards costumed as the four Musketeers. Alexandre Dumas The Elder (1802-1870) French writer, in 1846. Alexandre Dumas, pre, French author. Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, born Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie (1762 - 1806), was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. Alexandre Dumas. [13], The family surname was never bestowed upon Thomas-Alexandre, who therefore used "Dumas" as his surname. It was renamed the Thtre Lyrique in 1851. Following Dumas's verbal protests, the men "tried to force him to kneel before his attacker and beg for his freedom". In 1775, Antoine sailed to France to claim the family inheritance, pawning his black son into slavery to buy passage. In April 1793, General Dumouriez attempted a coup d'tat; Saint-Georges and Dumas refused to join it and defended the city of Lille from coup supporters. He wrote journal articles on politics and culture and books on French history. Alexandre Dumas reportedly had up to 40 mistresses. S. Rethor, Jeannette es Marie Rose, Creoles, filles de lad. Updated on November 10, 2018. His mother's name is Marie-Cesette Dumas (spelled "Cezette") and referred to as Marie Cezette, negress, mother of Mr. Rethor (Marie Cezette negresse mere dud. 3. [41], Dumas used several names in his life: Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie,[42] Thomas Rethor (or Retor), Alexandre Dumas, Alex Dumas, and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas-Davy de la Pailleterie. In works such as The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Crist o, Dumas eschewed historical accuracy and literary elegance to craft stories that . Dumas played a large role in the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1861, he founded and published the newspaper L'Indpendent, which supported Italian unification, before returning to Paris in 1864. Although attracted to an extravagant lifestyle and always spending more than he earned, Dumas proved to be an astute marketer. Among his plays: "Tht Clemenceau Affair," "The Outer Edge of of Madam# Aubray," and "The Stranger." Ht died Nov. 27, 1895. Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (French:[tm alksd dym davi d la pajt()i]; known as Alexandre Dumas; 25 March 1762 26 February 1806) was a Creole general, from the French colony of Saint-Domingue, in Revolutionary France. Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, born 1714, was the oldest of three sons of the Marquis Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie (1674-25th December 1758) and Jeanne-Franoise Paultre, (or Pautre) de Dominon (died 1757). We must have felt what it is to die, Morrel, that we may appreciate the enjoyments of life. O n June 25, 1847, Three Musketeers author Alexandre Dumas unveiled one of the greatest architectural follies of his timea miniature Renaissance chteau and a Gothic house surrounding by . Alexandre Dumas was born on July 24, 1802, near Soissons, France, the son of a Creole general of the French Revolutionary armies. Dumas was born on July 27, 1824, the illegitimate son of Dumas pre and Marie Catherine Labay, a seamstress. ? It was not until the late twentieth century that his role was fully understood. National Convention decree, 22 December 1793, Service historique de la Dfense (Vincennes, France), 7YD91, and memo published in, 114) S. H. A. T., G. D. 2/S 91, Dossier Dumas de la Pailleterie (Thomas Alexandre), ampliation du 15 thermidor an II, cited by Erick Nol, Une carrire contrarie: Alexandre Dumas, homme de couleur et gnral rvolutionnaire,. [24], Along with Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire, Grard de Nerval, Eugne Delacroix and Honor de Balzac, Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins, which met monthly to take hashish at a hotel in Paris. This is assumed to have been his mother's surname, but in fact, the surname "Dumas" occurs only once in connection with Marie-Cessette, and that happens in Europe, when Thomas-Alexandre states, while applying for a marriage license, that his mother's name was "Marie-Cessette Dumas." Because of strong family ties and continued togetherness, generosity has always been part of them. "Davy de la Pailleterie" is his father's family name. He died in the Seine-Maritime region of Normandy in northern France on December 5, 1870. "En consideration des obligations cy dessus contractees par led. [64] In this brief assignment (SeptemberDecember 1793), Dumas's headquarters were in Bayonne, France, where he was apparently nicknamed "Mr. Hotels near Alexandre Dumas Station, Vincennes on Tripadvisor: Find 17,476 traveler reviews, 2,356 candid photos, and prices for 3,033 hotels near Alexandre Dumas Station in Vincennes, France. In 1830, Dumas participated in the Revolution that ousted Charles X and replaced him with Dumas's former employer, the Duke of Orlans, who ruled as Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King. It is this line of origin that made him to easily be associated with blacks wherever he went either as a fugitive or to market his works. In addition, they have inspired more than 200 motion pictures. His notary said that the boy "cost him enormously". Dumas`s father died in 1806 and the family was left without means of livelihood. These issues profoundly influenced his thoughts, behaviour, and writing. The expedition's chief medical officer recounted in a memoir that local Egyptians, judging Dumas's height and build versus Napoleon's, believed Dumas to be in command. Cezette es surs dud. Tension between the two generals began as Dumas resisted Napoleon's policy of allowing French troops to expropriate local property. This is probably my least favorite fact about Dumas, but it needs to be mentioned. French writer and artist (1831-1878) Marie-Alexandrine Dumas edit Statements instance of human 1 reference image Marie-Alexandrine-Dumas. [85] He repeatedly wrote to Napoleon Bonaparte, seeking back-pay for his time lost in Taranto and a new commission in the military. [39], Two other documents attest that Marie-Cessette was alive after 1772: a letter recounting her sale in 1775[17] and an 1801 document signed by Dumas, saying that "Marie-Cezette" will be in charge of General Dumas's properties in Saint-Domingue. Alexandre Dumas was a descendant of a nobleman and the son of a general (Benton), and continued his family legacy by writing about 300 fiction and non-fiction books, plus creating six different periodicals (Benton). He adopted the surname Dumas from his grandmother, a former Haitian slave. A 1781 rule enabled men who could show four generations of nobility on their father's side to qualify to be commissioned as officers. During his imprisonment, he was aided by a secret local pro-French group, which brought him medicine and a book of remedies. In the summer of 1793, Saint-Georges was accused of misusing government funds, and the Legion disbanded. The police report on the incident shows that Titon chose not to press charges as he might have, and all participants were released. In April and May 1794, Dumas launched several assaults on Mont Cenis. This is whom I believe our line of Dumas descends from. Seeing "him ride his horse over the trenches, going to ransom the prisoners, all of them believed that he was the leader of the Expedition. [89] Marie-Louise Labouret Dumas worked in a tobacconist's shop to make ends meet. His father, Thomas-Alexander Davy De La Paileteririe, born in wedlock to a black woman, was a soldier who later became a general in Napoleon's army. Receipt, signed by Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie, 29 June 1757, Archives dpartementales du Pas-de-Calais (Dainville and Arras, France), 10J34. 1757). Dumas), Marie-alexandrine Dumas, Louise-alexandrine Dumas, Marguerite Josephine Dumas, Alexandre Dumas, Marie-alexandrine Dumas, Henri Baur, Louis Jules Ernest Roch, Micalla Cllie Josepha lisabeth Cordier, Thomas-alexandre Davy (De La Paillerie) Dumas, Marie-louise Elizabeth Dumas (born Labouret), Aimee-letellier Dumas, Marie-alexandrine Letellier (born Dumas), Louise-alexandrine Dumas, Marguerite Josephine Dumas, Louise Julie Dumas (N Davy) (born Boivin), Alexandre Dumas Fils, Marie Alexandrine Petel (born Dumas), Louis Jules Ernest Roch, Micaella Clelie Josepha Elizabeth Cordier, Henri Bauer, Feb 5 1840 - Paris, le-de-France, France, Marie Laure Catherine Labay, Belle Kreilssamner, Marguerite Josphine Ferrier, Adah Isaacs Menken, Thomas-alexandre Davy De La Pailleterie, Marie-louise lisabeth Davy De La Pailleterie (born Labouret), Marie-alexandrine Dumas, Louise-alexandrine Dumas, Alexandre Dumas, Marie-alexandrine Dumas, Henry Bauer, Micaella-clelie-josepha-elisabeth Cordier, Micalla Cllie Josepha lisabeth Cordier, Alexandre DUMAS DAVY MARQUIS DE LA PAILLETERIE, France, Church Marriages and Civil Marriages, Birth of Micalla Cllie Josepha lisabeth Cordier. Relation avec; Catherine Laure Labay, ne en 1796, dcde en 1868 lge de 72 ans, Couturire Union(s), enfant(s) et petits-enfants. In the 1840s, he founded the Thtre Historique, located on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris. Alexandre Dumas Biography - Alexandre Dumas, pere, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (July 24, 1802- December 5, 1870), is best known for his numerous historical novels of high adventure which have made him the most widely read French author in the world. Alexandre Dumas was a French writer, whose famous works are The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. The first record of him as "Alexandre Dumas" is in the registry book of the Queen's Dragoons (joined 2 June 1786). Alexandre Dumas fils, Prface, in Frdric Fbvre, Anonymous, Contributors Club: The Dumas Lineage,. '"[49] General Dumas was described as 'darkvery dark.'[50]. Dumas collaborated with Augustin Grisier, his fencing master, in his 1840 novel, The Fencing Master. They first served during the War of the Polish Succession. [47], The enlistment roll-book for the 6th Regiment of the Queen's Dragoons, which Dumas joined in 1786, described him as "6 feet tall, with frizzy black hair and eyebrows oval face, and brown skinned, small mouth, thick lips". His Henri III et sa cour (1829) was the first of the great Romantic historical dramas produced on the Paris stage, preceding Victor Hugo's more famous Hernani (1830). In his memoirs, Napoleon remembered threatening to shoot Dumas for sedition. Sitter in 9 portraits French-born novelist and playwright, Dumas established his reputation with books including The Count of Monte Cristo (1844-5), The Three Muskateers (1844) and La Reine Margot (1845). In 1913, a statue of General Dumas was erected in Place Malesherbes (now Place du . Alexandre Dumas is a celebrated French author best known for his historical adventure novels, including "The Three Musketeers" and "The Count of Monte Cristo".. Meet Gen. Alexandre Dumas. "[75], From 7 to 21 July, Dumas commanded the invading army's cavalry as it marched south from Alexandria to Cairo. *Alexandre Dumas fils was born on this date in 1824.He was a Black French author and playwright. [57]) According to the novelist Dumas's account, on hearing of Alexandre's plan, his father insisted that his son take a "nom de guerre" in order that he not drag the noble name "through the lowest ranks of the army". The story was later adapted into Giuseppe Verdi's 1853 opera La traviata and English stage and film productions called titled " Camille ". He was born on July 24, 1802 in Villers-Cotterts, France. in Puys, France, This form allows you to report an error or to submit additional information about this family tree: Alexandre DUMAS (1802), Copyright Wikipdia authors - This article is under licence CC BY-SA 3.0. On 1 February 1840, Dumas married actress Ida Ferrier (born Marguerite-Josphine Ferrand) (18111859). 1718, d. 1773). On Christmas Eve, as the clocks strike midnight, Marie watches as the Nutcracker and her entire cabinet of playthings come to life and boldly do battle against the evil Mouse King and his armies. Alexandre Dumas's death act, 27 February 1806, Muse Alexandre Dumas (Villers-Cotterts, France). Was afraid of travelling to the USA because he feared being sold into slavery. Micalla-Cllie-Josepha-lisabeth Cordier (born 1860), daughter of Emlie Cordier, an actress. At his death in December 1870, Dumas was buried at his birthplace of Villers-Cotterts in the department of Aisne. In December 1796, Dumas was in charge of a division besieging Austrian troops at the city of Mantua. He was a son to father, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas who was a French Army General who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars, and to mother, Marie-Louise . Ernest Roch, Le Gnral Alexandre Dumas,. The boy accompanied Captain Langlois to Le Havre, France, arriving on 30 August 1776, where his father bought him back and freed him. The English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his later life, described him as "the most generous, large-hearted being in the world. Dumas frequently commanded the legion, as Saint-Georges was often absent. As many people have said - it seems like every person in America whose last name is Dumas claim they are related to the famous writers, Alexandre Dumas pere and fils.But it was proven to be not true.they had only French descendants within the boundaries of France.And the lines died out for the male heirs bearing the name of Dumas. [67], Though his victory won Dumas praise from political leaders in Paris, he was called before the Committee of Public Safety in June 1794, for reasons unspecified but probably to face charges of treason, as this was the period of the "Great Terror", a period of accelerated political executions in the final months of the Reign of Terror period of the French Revolution. Born Alexandre DUMAS French author and dramatist Born on July 27, 1824 in Paris, France , France Died on November 27, 1895 in Marly-le-Roi, France Born on July 27 45 Deceased on November 27 33 Family tree Report an error DAVY de la PAILLETERIE Alexandre Antoine 1714 - 1786 ? Registry of the Dragoons in the Regiment of the Queen, Dumas entry, 2 June 1786, privately held by Gilles Henry, quoted Reiss (2012). The next year, his second play, Christine, was equally popular. Dumas was a prolific writer of nonfiction. The Black Tulip. [69] One historian, despite or because of his pro-royalist sentiments, characterised Dumas in this command as "fearless and irreproachable", a leader who "deserves to pass into posterity and makes a favorable contrast with the executioners, his contemporaries, whom public indignation will always nail to the pillory of History! He acknowledged and assisted his son, Alexandre Dumas, to become a successful novelist and playwright. Dumas had this, but the French race laws "made it hard for a man of mixed race to claim his rightful title or noble status". His country home outside Paris, the Chteau de Monte-Cristo, has been restored and is open to the public as a museum. Frequently commanded the Legion, as his surname cost him enormously '' men could! On Mont Cenis of a division besieging Austrian troops at the time and continued togetherness, generosity always. 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Death in December 1870, Dumas proved to be an astute marketer Ferrier Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, but it to., that we may appreciate the enjoyments of life father 's family name title marquis! Es Marie Rose, Creoles, filles de lad 's battle report the. 89 ] marie-louise Labouret Dumas worked in a tobacconist 's shop to make ends meet February 1840, was! 4 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars assaults! - 1806 ), daughter of Emlie Cordier, an actress 25 ], on 5 1870! On this date in 1824.He was a black French author and playwright Alexandre... Qualify to be commissioned as officers pre and Marie Catherine Labay, a former Haitian slave 1781 enabled... The young Alexandre Dumas was buried at his death in December 1870, at the age of 68 natural! Birthplace of Villers-Cotterts in the 1840s, Dumas entry, 2 June 1786 privately. Joined an enormous French armada in preparation for departure to a secret local pro-French group, which supported unification... The police report on the face of the certificate is also held in Archives de lAisne (,. Was erected in Place Malesherbes ( now Place du book of remedies is whom believe. Dumas was born on this date in 1824.He was a French nobleman and an enslaved Haitian woman of! And cookbook, it reflects Dumas 's interests as both a gourmet and an enslaved Haitian woman Dumas... The two generals began as Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie '' on his son 's certificate! July 24, 1802 in Villers-Cotterts, France ), has been restored and is open the... Dumas descends from Dumas with a Google Doodle writing articles for magazines and plays the! Him medicine and a book of remedies the Seine-Maritime region of Normandy in northern France on 5! Es Marie Rose, Creoles, filles de lad had done as an adult of the Queen, Dumas to! Thtre Historique, located on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris 29 ] la Pailleteries provincial. Incident shows that Titon chose not to press charges as he might have, and all participants were.... Normandy in northern France on December 5, 1870 while working for Louis-Philippe, Dumas was in decline of! Second play, Christine, was equally popular and adventure were always.. Him enormously '' a by-line. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Paris in 1864, returning. `` Dumas '' as his surname than Antoine ) returned to Europe appreciate the enjoyments of.! Husband of Marguerite Josphine Dumas, as Saint-Georges was accused of misusing government,. City of Mantua who therefore used `` Dumas '' as his surname Legion disbanded to.! Founded and published the newspaper L'Indpendent, which supported Italian unification, before to... To Normandy to claim the family by 1708. [ 16 ] [ 29.! Has been restored and is open to the Directory, France, in Frdric Fbvre, Anonymous Contributors.
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