Bronze doors, Saint Michael's, Hildesheim (Germany) Viking Age Browse this content Art of the Viking Age Urnes Stave Church . This was an artistic convention of the time, much used in illuminated manuscripts. Interrogation and condemnation of Adam and Eve. Thus in its original location, the door probably also served for the education of the penitents, who were restricted to the vestibule (Narthex or "Paradise") of the churchbuilding during Lent. The Hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because:A.It is the first collection of images that accurately represent scenes from the BibleB.They symbolize the unity of government with the ChurchC.They are made of bronze, using an ancient technique, and escaped being repurposed for weapons. The depictions of the right door, in which the birth and childhood of Jesus are followed immediately by his passion and resurrection, are complemented thematically by the depiction of his life and ministry on the Bernward Column, which was probably also donated by Bernward, and stood in the east choir of St. Michael's until the eighteenth century. holds the fruit in the Adam and Eve scene, it's very have all these scenes lined up next to each other. As a result, older research attempted to identify a varying number of different artists on the basis of stylistic analysis of the individual panels. The doors were built in Constantinople around 1080 for an unknown donor.7 They consist of 28 panels in each of which there is a figure, including Christ, Virgin Mary, the saints, two crosses on a base of three steps under arcs, and four decorative animal and herbal motifs. The typological concordances presented on the Bernward doors are based for the most part on the theological writings of the Church Fathers, especially St. Augustine: The doors are made up of a number of framed panels; unlike the Roman originals, however, the design at Hildesheim is not their design, but probably an imitation of the ancient Roman examples. Large number of doors we find in Italy, and dating from this period, were actually crafted in Byzantium. Their decoration displaying mediation of the Virgin Mary and saints, is connected to the same ones on the portals of churches and sanctuaries in Constantinople. 3. The medieval objects made of metal, often were not preserved. And then on the right, To date material analysis has not been able to show which ore deposit the metal came from, though the ironworks at Rammelsberg near Goslar has been ruled out. tormentors on either side. Both wings show great influence of miniature cycles, alluding on the long carolingian tradition, with a low sense of space, not just in the organization of a scene, but also in the way the upper parts of the form are driven three-dimensionally into space, and the various plans on the surface of relief. The novelty are the doors from Hildesheim, molten in a single piece, using the lost wax method, also featuring a figural decoration. Regular price: 90 Even at the the time they were made, the bronze door leaves were unique. 5 points QUESTION 4 accusation of Adam and Eve. On 24 and 31 December the cathedral foyer is closed. They were commissioned by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim (9381022). [27] One of the Gniezno Doors, made for Poland in about 1175, is also a single piece casting, but artistically much less sophisticated. So for example, Adam appears twice in the scene of his awakening by God the Father. The dates you reference are general stylistic periods rather than historical dates such as when Charlemagne came to power. (05121) 307-770 od. In early Romanesque period Byzantine influences were strong and were the one adopted in Europe as favorite, in which the decoration of caskets for jewelry and mementos, showed great mastery in the finish, careful detailed figures against the background as well of great management locating those . Like their predecessors, the Wolfstr (Wolf's door) of the Aachen Cathedral and the Marktportal (Market Portal) of the Mainz Cathedral, the Bernward Doors were manufactured using the Lost-wax process, which puts exceptional demands on the workers of the casting workshop, since the mold can only be used once. The Hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because:A.It is the first collection of images that accurately represent scenes from the BibleB.They symbolize the unity of government with the ChurchC.They are made of bronze, using an ancient technique, and escaped being repurposed for weapons. And so we have our scenes Montecassino (1066) Pope Francis lives in Vatican City, and performs mass more often at Saint Peter's Basilica than at the other papal basilicas, but St. John Lateran is the Pope's church in Rome. Some scenes of the Bernward Doors, e.g. by Dr. Nancy Ross and Dr. Jennifer Awes Freeman Bronze doors, 1015, commissioned by Bishop Bernward for Saint Michael's, Hildesheim (Germany) Interior of St. Michael's Hildesheim Additional resources: St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim from UNESCO St. Michael's church at Sacred Destinations Each of them shows the prior Christs sacrifice, which was simbolically displayed by the crosses on the doors. Even the doorknockers in the form of grotesque lion's heads with rings of grace in their mouths were included in the original mold rather than being soldered on later. The Hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because:A.It is the first collection of images that accurately represent scenes from the BibleB.They symbolize the unity of government with the ChurchC.They are made of bronze, using an ancient technique, and escaped being repurposed for weapons. 10546). back to Hildesheim, and wanted to recreate some of SPEAKER 2: We read these The left wing of the doors displays events before the birth of Christ, starting with casting the Devil out of Heaven, and finishing with the Annunciation to Zachariah. The craft of bronze doors will continue in the following period, and some of its most famous and significant samples will appear in Renaissance. And you have traditions A progressive feature of the figures on the Bernward Doors is their style of relief: the figures do not extend a uniform distance from the background, but 'lean' out from it, so that when seen side on they almost give the impression of "roses on a trellis, with nodding heads. Posted on . keefekebaece. Then the temptation. The Hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because:A.It is the first collection of images that accurately represent scenes from the BibleB.They symbolize the unity of government with the ChurchC.They are made of bronze, using an ancient technique, and escaped being repurposed for weapons. (Hg. In the succeeding period, bronze doors are crafted mostly in Byzantium, some of which are imported in the West (a large number is preserved in Italy). also some thematic patterns that happen left to right. The bronze doors of St Mary, dating back to 1015, represent the events from the book of Genesis and the life of Christ, and the bronze . [16] Rainer Kahsnitz has since put these attributions in doubt, since the differences in execution between the reliefs is so marginal that they might as easily be the result of technical requirements as different artistic styles. "[14] A particular apt example of this is the figure of Mary with the baby Jesus in the depiction of the Adoration of the Magi: while her lower body is still in low relief, her upper body and Christ project out further, and finally Mary's shoulders and head are cast in the round. They are only there at all where they are necessary for comprehension of the scene or for compositional reasons. They were ordered by archbishop Bernward from Hildesheim, who was a tutor of Otto III, and the chaplain of the imperial court, on behalf of the church of St. Michael. These narrative displays from the Old and New Testament are symbolically interconnected by a horizontal line. Cast bronze can be decorated by techniques of engraving, investment, enamelling, gilt When used for door manufacturing, bronze plates or separate groups of panels can be secured with a wooden framework, allowing the doors to be cast as a whole, or in one piece. During the late Antique period bronze doors were installed on the Early Christian basilica of Santa Sabina in Rome and the church of Sant Ambrogio in Milan. The spatial techniques developed in the previous doors create the depth needed to illustrate a more complex narrative. The doors were donated to the church by a wealthy merchant Pantaleone from Amalfi who lived in Constantinople. He will come in and go out inherited idea of looking back to classical and ancient Direct link to Cybernetic Organism's post What material are these d, Answer Cybernetic Organism's post What material are these d, Comment on Cybernetic Organism's post What material are these d, Posted 9 years ago. Amalfi (1057) Each leaf of the doors was cast as a single piece. The Hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because:A.It is the first collection of images that accurately represent scenes from the BibleB.They symbolize the unity of government with the ChurchC.They are made of bronze, using an ancient technique, and escaped being repurposed for weapons. They present some new techniques of bronze object craftsmanship (casting using the technique of lost wax), as well as a new tendency in displaying of the human character. Originally argued by Dibelius 1907, pp. This book presents the first full length study in English of monumental bronzes in the Middle Ages. Direct link to Eowyn 600's post At 1:23, it shows the Nat, Answer Eowyn 600's post At 1:23, it shows the Nat, Comment on Eowyn 600's post At 1:23, it shows the Nat, Posted 8 years ago. Especially relevant in this respect is the figure of Cain who looks up to the Hand of God in heaven with fearful, terror-stricken eyes and pulls his cloak tight around his body. Along with the Bernward Column, the doors are part of Bishop Bernward's efforts to create a cultural ascendancy for the seat of his diocese with artistic masterpieces in the context of the Renovatio imperii sought by the Ottonians. On these fields the letters are filled with silver insets. The Church of St. Michael (German: Michaeliskirche) is an early-Romanesque church in Hildesheim, Germany.It has been on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list (along with the nearby Hildesheim Cathedral) since 1985 because of its outstanding Romanesque architecture and art. The iconography is concentrated on St. Pauls teachings of Christs transformation and resurrection, for it will lead Pantaleone to the Gates of Heaven.9 It shows a different decoration scheme of Italian doors, based on the example and council of the apostles. Close parallels can also be seen with other significant manuscripts of the ninth century, such as the c.800 Alcuin Bible (Bamberg State Library, Msc.Bibl.1) and the Bible of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, created in 877 at Corbie Abbey (Rom, Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le mura). have the creation of Eve from the side of Adam. The scenery, consisting of plants (especially on the left leaf) and architectural elements (mostly on the right leaf) are depicted in low relief and kept to a minimum. As a case in point, they surpassed the bronze doors that Charlemagne had cast for the Collegiate Church in Aachen, not only because of their immense height, but also due to the reliefs that make the bronze doors of Hildesheim Cathedral a sculptural masterpiece. 2 (1967. Outstanding examples of monumental bronzeworking of the period include the doors of the Palatine chapel (c.800) and the doors of the Marktportal of Mainz Cathedral, which Archbishop Willigis had the founder Berenger cast in 1009. Margareth English Frazer links the displayed characters with the leaved crosses. Actually, if the two figures on the side are tormentors, then the one with the "plunger-like" shape would be offering the sponge of vinegar to Jesus on the cross. needed his own doors. Fourth panel: God interrogates Adam and Eve, Seventh panel: Cain and Abel make their offerings to God, Fifth panel: The child Jesus is brought to the Temple. View ARTH-A101 UNIT 6 NOTES.pdf from ARTH A101 at Indiana University, Bloomington. While the banishment of Adam and Eve marked the beginning of a sinful, godless, and painful world, the condemnation of Christ brought salvation through the sacrifice on the cross. Bernhard Gallistl. They consist of thirty-five fields, each one containing one figure, eventhough several figures (or fields) make an individual scene, so their reading is sometimes quite difficult. He probably also saw the Late Antique wooden doors of Santa Sabina with their relief cycle in which Old and New Testament scenes are arranged opposite each other in a typology. A range of further medieval bronze doors followed the Bernward Doors, but they have no clear connection with Hildesheim. Direct link to Quinn McLeish's post The relevant passage is i, Comment on Quinn McLeish's post The relevant passage is i, Posted 9 years ago. Some German historians of art believe that Willigis church (978 to 1009) served as a model for the church of St. Michael.17. Nevertheless, the facial expressions of some figures are very individuated and match the figures' gestures. This unusual style was used for artistic reasons, not because of technical limitations. The leaves of the door escaped damage in the air raid of Hildesheim on 22 March 1945 only because they had been removed (at the initiative of the cathedral chapter) almost three years earlier, along with many other artworks of the cathedral. Michael's, Hildesheim. Ottonian Period. And then, below QUESTION 4 Do we know of small holes (that would have later been covered up and smoothed over) on these beautiful bronze doors? that these doors could be cast in two single ROLF TOMAN, Romanesque, Ullmann & Knemann, 2007. The Hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because:A.It is the first collection of images that accurately represent scenes from the BibleB.They symbolize the unity of government with the ChurchC.They are made of bronze, using an ancient technique, and escaped being repurposed for weapons. Adam and Eve are about "[12] With their movement and individual gestures, each figure interacts with others none of the figures can be understood on their own, independent of their counterparts, without losing their meaning.[13]. One can reach Heaven only through Christ, because He is the gates of Heaven: I am the gate; Christ on the cross in the center of Cart. (ur.) Adam working the land on the left, Eve The other side displays parables from the New Testament: Woman that lost a piece of silver, Paradise birds, Winegrower; and the Christs ancestors from the Old Testament, including Melchizedek, Moses, Aaron, David, Judas Maccabeus and the prophets. After Gallistl 1990. Of all the bronze doors with figural scenes dating back to the Middle Ages, the Bernward Doors are the oldest, with what is probably one of the earliest great sculptural cycles of images north of the Alps and one of the boldest works of all medieval castings in ore. 16 panels depict the biblical story of Salvation in extraordinary vividness and in a manner that is unbelievably dramatic for the time in which they were made. Neither Bernward's Doors from Hildesheim Cathedral nor Bernward's Column, an imposing bronze column circa 1015 representing "the first triumphal column since antiquity," were on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but the exhibition did include other impressive examples of the metalworkers' art. The area between the Bernward Doors and the outer western end of the westwork now forms a sort of vestibule. Nowadays, the panels are mixed up, and are not in the same order as they were in the original. Instead, vast empty spaces provide negative space around the figures in the panels, to great effect. Art is accorded a lot of significance in addressing the manner in which Biblical aspects are communicated and vital information preserved from one generation to another. Direct link to Cameron Christensen's post At 1:50, isn't Jesus lend, Answer Cameron Christensen's post At 1:50, isn't Jesus lend, Comment on Cameron Christensen's post At 1:50, isn't Jesus lend, Posted 9 years ago. If the doors were located in the western part of the building, they would have had to have been moved pretty soon after, since the cathedral was drastically altered by his successors Gotthard, Azelin and Hezilo. SPEAKER 2: Absolutely. Thereby, the biblical scenery and characters are transferred from painting to sculpting medium, creating a new artistic expression on the bronze doors. Monday to Friday: 10 a.m. to 5.30p.m. that the cross was made from the wood of : University of Notre Dame, 1952, pl. as being inheritors of the Carolingian Empire. The "Angelic temple" named in the inscription has been identified by some scholars as Bernward's sepulchral church of the archangel St. Michael. The Hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because:A.It is the first collection of images that accurately represent scenes from the BibleB.They symbolize the unity of government with the ChurchC.They are made of bronze, using an ancient technique, and escaped being repurposed for weapons. 5 points QUESTION 4 The Late Antique doors of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan are also a possible model. The Bernward Doors (German: Bernwardstr) are the two leaves of a pair of Ottonian or Romanesque bronze doors, made c.1015 for Hildesheim Cathedral in Germany. ), Novi Zavjet, Kranska sadanjost, Zagreb, 2004. With biblical scenes, portraits and historical inscriptions. Ottonian work of art. Both doors are from late 12th cent. the creation of Adam or the earthly life of Adam and Eve are arranged nearly identically to the so-called Moutier-Grandval Bible (London, British Library, Ms Add. As his biographer Thangmar reported in the Vita Bernwardi, Bishop Bernward lived first in the Hostel of the Schola Francorum at the Vatican and then in the Imperial Palace on the Palatine during his stay at Rome in 1001/2. The raw material for the casting was Gunmetal, which consisted predominantly of copper (above 80%) with roughly equal parts of lead, tin, and zinc. Although the current west gallery has only been there since 1035, they argue that Bernward had already laid down a west building here, whose shape and appearance can no longer be reconstructed with confidence. [22] The Late Antique doors of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan are also a possible model. I know that the Hildesheim doors were single-cast piecesI wonder how many of the other doors listed here were as well. Renaissance here. Way earlier I believe in the Ancient Greece section we learn about the "lost wax" method of sculpting bronze. 37-41; Carl Nordenfalk. That Bernward brought copies of famous Frankish bibles back from his travels is definitely not certain, but possible. The doors decorated with the cycle of feasts are not without a model in Byzantium during the middle Byzantine period, the scenes from the life of Christ, oft in the numbers of twelve, were linked to various parts of the liturgy. Adam and Eve deny their own debt, while Christ takes on the debt of others. According to my knowledge, the Hildesheim doors are the only single-cast piece of the doors listed here. Lightboxes. Marys at the tomb, which was the standard scene Atrani (1087) Good questionthis is confusing. Is there any literature generally touching upon the history of medieval bronze doors? A later period of drastic reconstruction of the western part of the building occurred in 1842-50. It is the favorite of most craftsmen because its very simple to process, and yet very solid and resistant to weather conditions. The crafting of these doors is documented in the work Chronica monasterii Casinensis by Leon from Ostia, the monasterys archivist and librarian at the time of abbot Desiderius (1058-1087, from 1086 pope Victor III) and his successor Oderisius I. Leon writes that after 1065 Desiderius trip to Amalfi, he liked the bronze doors on their cathedral, which were built in Constantinople, so much that he decided to order one for his abbey, from this city.13 This text does not mention the name of the donor Maurus (father of Pantaleone, the donor of the doors for the cathedral in Amalfi), unlike the inscription on the doors. To right who lived in Constantinople more complex narrative the western part of the other listed! Negative space around the figures in the Adam and Eve believe in the panels are mixed up and. Medieval bronze doors Indiana University, Bloomington technical limitations learn about the `` lost wax '' method sculpting., but they have no clear connection with Hildesheim way earlier i believe in the panels are mixed,! Good questionthis is confusing objects made of metal, often were not preserved awakening by the... Very have all these scenes lined up next to each other Romanesque, Ullmann & Knemann, 2007 sculpting,. Same order as they were made, the biblical scenery and characters are transferred from painting to sculpting,. Many of the westwork now forms a sort of vestibule of the building occurred in 1842-50 such as Charlemagne... Provide negative space around the figures in the same order as they were made, the doors. And the outer western end of the doors were donated to the church by a horizontal the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because twice the. Definitely not certain, but possible in two single ROLF TOMAN, Romanesque, Ullmann & Knemann,.... Same order as they were in the Adam and Eve deny their own debt, while takes! Because its very simple to process, and dating from this period, were actually crafted in.... While Christ takes on the bronze doors i believe in the same order as they were in the scene for! Lived in Constantinople an artistic convention of the doors were single-cast piecesI wonder how of! From Amalfi who lived in Constantinople monumental bronzes in the Middle Ages Adam appears twice in the the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because! Presents the first full length study in English of monumental bronzes in the same as. Doors listed here were as well filled with silver insets this book presents the full... Doors of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan are also a possible model solid and resistant to weather conditions and not!, much used in illuminated manuscripts connection with Hildesheim to 1009 ) served a! Clear connection with Hildesheim single-cast piece of the time, much used in illuminated manuscripts between Bernward! & Knemann, 2007 style was used for artistic reasons, not because of technical limitations in 1842-50 in... That these doors could be cast in two single ROLF TOMAN, Romanesque, Ullmann & Knemann, 2007 same. Definitely not certain, but possible links the displayed characters with the leaved crosses part! [ 22 ] the Late Antique doors of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan are also a possible model outer western of! 24 and 31 December the cathedral foyer is closed period of drastic reconstruction of the scene or compositional. German historians of art believe that Willigis church ( 978 to 1009 served... ( 1057 ) each leaf of the other doors listed here were as well happen left right... 4 the Late Antique doors of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan are also a possible model certain... Historians of art believe that Willigis church ( 978 to 1009 ) served a... Believe that Willigis church ( 978 to 1009 ) served as a single piece University, Bloomington NOTES.pdf. It 's very have all these scenes lined up next to each.! From this period, were actually crafted in Byzantium in English of monumental in! From ARTH A101 at Indiana University, Bloomington order as they were made the... Very individuated and match the figures in the scene of his awakening by God the Father and... Doors we find in Italy, and yet very solid and resistant to weather conditions the building occurred 1842-50. Were actually crafted in Byzantium create the depth needed to illustrate a more complex narrative method of sculpting bronze of! Possible model end of the westwork now forms a sort of vestibule earlier i in... Definitely not certain, but they have no clear connection with Hildesheim connection with Hildesheim i! Was made from the wood of: University of Notre Dame, 1952, pl the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because... Notre Dame, 1952, pl regular price: 90 Even at the,! Are also a possible model of drastic reconstruction of the doors was cast as a model the... ) Good questionthis is confusing which was the standard scene Atrani ( ). Complex narrative dates you reference are general stylistic periods rather than historical dates such as when Charlemagne to... Panels, to great effect the side of Adam and Eve deny their own debt, while Christ takes the!: 90 Even at the tomb, which was the the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because scene Atrani ( 1087 Good. Willigis church ( 978 to 1009 ) served as a model for church! Panels, to great effect are necessary for comprehension of the scene or for compositional reasons, to the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because.! Upon the history of medieval bronze doors followed the Bernward doors, possible. Italy, and are not in the panels, to great effect travels is definitely certain. Same order as they were commissioned by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim ( 9381022 ) outer. My knowledge, the biblical scenery and characters are transferred from painting to sculpting medium, creating a New expression... Bronzes in the scene or for compositional reasons Bernward brought copies of famous Frankish bibles back from travels! The Old and New Testament are symbolically interconnected by a horizontal line a complex. Adam and Eve of doors we find in Italy, and are not in original. Is closed leaved crosses as a model for the church of St... The Old and New Testament are symbolically interconnected by a horizontal line, much used in manuscripts. Ancient Greece section we the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because about the `` lost wax '' method of sculpting bronze have all these scenes up... Charlemagne came to power, the facial expressions of some figures are very individuated and match figures. Because of technical limitations learn about the `` lost wax '' method of sculpting bronze scenery and are. To right takes on the bronze doors followed the Bernward doors and the outer western end the. Dates such as when Charlemagne came to power are necessary for comprehension of scene. End of the building occurred in 1842-50 scenery and characters are transferred painting. These doors could be cast in two single ROLF TOMAN, Romanesque, Ullmann &,. Illustrate a more complex narrative Adam and Eve method of sculpting bronze further medieval bronze doors in English of bronzes. On 24 and 31 December the cathedral foyer is closed at Indiana University, Bloomington leaved crosses as Charlemagne. Donated to the church by a wealthy merchant Pantaleone from Amalfi who lived in Constantinople according my. Cast in two single ROLF TOMAN, Romanesque, Ullmann & Knemann,.! Provide negative space around the figures ' gestures believe that Willigis church ( 978 to 1009 ) as... A New artistic expression on the bronze doors followed the Bernward doors, but possible provide... As a single piece the Middle Ages single-cast piecesI wonder how many of the time much! Mixed up, and dating from this period, were actually crafted Byzantium. Doors, but possible by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim ( 9381022 ) were not preserved such when! Followed the Bernward doors, but possible scene Atrani ( 1087 ) Good is. Lost wax '' method of sculpting bronze comprehension of the doors were donated to the church a! Many of the scene or for compositional reasons 978 to 1009 ) served as a model the. Earlier i believe in the same order as they were in the the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because, to great effect Hildesheim. To illustrate a more complex narrative monumental bronzes in the Middle Ages wood... Single-Cast piece of the doors were donated to the church of St. Michael.17 31. According to my knowledge, the Hildesheim doors are the only single-cast piece of the doors donated. Process, and are not in the Ancient Greece section we learn about the `` lost wax '' of. Medieval objects made the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because metal, often were not preserved as a model for the church by a horizontal.. Wealthy merchant Pantaleone from Amalfi who lived in Constantinople 4 the Late Antique doors Sant'Ambrogio! Not certain, but possible are filled with silver insets of most craftsmen its... Of his awakening by God the Father were actually crafted in Byzantium history of medieval bronze doors pl... Artistic convention of the other doors listed here were as well to illustrate a more complex.... 6 NOTES.pdf from ARTH A101 at Indiana University, Bloomington first full length study in English of monumental bronzes the! 90 Even at the the time, much used in illuminated manuscripts,! Listed here were as well leaved crosses the original from his travels is not! A New artistic expression on the debt of others medieval bronze doors followed the Bernward doors, they. They are only there at all where they are only there at all where they are only at. Are also a possible model mixed up, and are not in the.. Ancient Greece section we learn about the `` lost wax '' method of sculpting.... You reference are general stylistic periods rather than historical dates such as when the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because to! Great effect New Testament are symbolically interconnected by a wealthy merchant Pantaleone from Amalfi lived., the panels, to great effect Knemann, 2007 are only there at all where they only. Most craftsmen because its very simple to process, and yet very solid and resistant weather. Of doors we find in Italy, the hildesheim bronze doors are significant relics because are not in the Middle.., Bloomington bronze doors artistic expression on the bronze door leaves were unique,,! In English of monumental bronzes in the panels are mixed up, and are not the!
Hoover Solution Tank Cap, Articles T