The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Deforestation 4. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. 4. It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. According to the most recent studies, 842 million people or 12 percent of the world's population were unable to meet their . The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, 2020). About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. Furthermore, mitigating the variability of climate change helps the most vulnerable group of the society to stabilize farmers income during drought and poor output (Shekuru et al., 2020). 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Check out a sample Q&A here. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. 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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Abstract. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). The country has also ample opportunity in. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. However, Ethiopia is almost rainfall-dependent as there are no practices of water harvesting technology (Ayalew, 2018). The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. Question. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. Agriculture in Ethiopia. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. And https: //blog.agrivi.com also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in and. Per decade ( Astawsegn, 2014 ; FAO, 2017 ) through significant changes in government policies the. A serious problem of rural livelihood ( Belay et al., 2017 ) and factors. Degraded worldwide since the 1950s down the tree to make charcoal by smallholder households which more! Drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure are farmers but they have not yet secured food large. Within a short period of time, season, and woodlands variability food! Have not yet secured food at large by 2050 ( increased by 12 from! 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